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রবিবার, ৩০ সেপ্টেম্বর, ২০১২
Duke Medicine news -- Children underrepresented in drug studies
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Public release date: 1-Oct-2012[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: Sarah Avery
sarah.avery@duke.edu
919-660-1306
Duke University Medical Center
DURHAM, N.C. The number of clinical trials enrolling children is far lower than for adults, and the scope of research is also narrower, according to an analysis of public-access data conducted by researchers at Duke University.
The findings, reported online Oct. 1, 2012, in the journal Pediatrics, quantify an imbalance that has been observed in recent years and highlights an issue that has generated concern among health leaders and policymakers alike.
"Although children comprise one-quarter of the population in the United States, they are greatly underrepresented in the clinical trial process that is designed to lead to new and better therapies, determine appropriate drug dosages and establish standards of practice," said Sara K. Pasquali, M.D., MHS, first author of the study.
The analysis was launched as part of the Clinical Trials Transformation Initiative (CTTI), a public-private partnership founded by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and Duke University to identify practices that will improve the quality and efficiency of clinical trials.
Pasquali, who is now co-director of the Michigan Congenital Heart Outcomes Research and Discovery Program at the University of Michigan, said the study looked at more than 60,000 research trials from 2005 to 2010 using data entered into the ClinicalTrials.gov registry. The on-line registry, mandated by Congress in 1997, was intended to improve patient access to clinical trials and provide greater transparency of trial results and data.
The researchers found that just over 5,000 of those trials were specifically designed to enroll children under the age of 18. Pasquali said the low number of clinical trials enrolling children is likely the result of several factors, including the rarity and diversity of many pediatric diseases, which makes them difficult to study; lack of pediatric research infrastructure; ethical issues associated with testing on children; and difficulty in establishing which endpoints or outcomes of the investigational therapies should be evaluated.
"Many pediatric diseases are relatively rare, as opposed to something like adult coronary artery disease. As a result, it can take much more time to build a research infrastructure, often involving multiple hospitals, to enroll enough patients in a study," Pasquali said. "But with fewer studies to guide therapeutic decisions, treatments and outcomes for young patients often vary widely from center to center."
The researchers also found that enrollments tended to be small in the studies that were conducted with children, making it difficult to obtain clinically meaningful information that could be generalized across larger populations. Study authors suggested that resources might be better spent on larger trials aimed at answering the most pressing questions, rather than on numerous small trials.
The most common areas of study for the pediatric trials included infectious diseases/vaccine studies (23 percent) and psychiatric/mental health studies (13 percent).
"For the vast majority of therapies used on children every day in United States and around the world, clinicians lack basic data to support decisions about the correct dosage, the best type of medication to use, and the appropriate situations to provide treatment," Pasquali said. "Without that information, it really puts physicians and the children we're treating at a significant disadvantage."
Jennifer Li, M.D., MHS, senior author of the study and a member of the Duke Clinical Research Institute, said the analysis provides clarity on an issue that researchers, funders and policymakers have been working to resolve in recent years. Several initiatives have already been passed to help ease the problem, including the FDA Modernization Act in 1997, the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act in 2002, the Pediatric Research Equity Act in 2003 and the FDA Amendments Act in 2007.
"Conducting clinical trials with children is a complex issue they are not volunteers, they are dissimilar in terms of size and disease condition, and the number of patients is a lot less than what we would find among adults," Li said. "This analysis provides one snapshot in time, and it's good to know what the research landscape is so that we can address where we should focus our efforts."
###
In addition to Pasquali and Li, study authors include Wendy K. Lam, PhD, of the Duke Translational Medicine Institute; and Karen Chiswell, PhD, of the Duke Clinical Research Institute (DCRI); and Alex R. Kemper, M.D., MPH, MS of Duke's Department of Pediatrics and the DCRI.
The study was supported with funding from the cooperative agreement awarded by the FDA to Duke University in support of the Clinical Trials Transformation Initiative (U19 FD003800).
Further information about CTTI and its projects can be found at www.ctti-clinicaltrials.org
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Public release date: 1-Oct-2012[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: Sarah Avery
sarah.avery@duke.edu
919-660-1306
Duke University Medical Center
DURHAM, N.C. The number of clinical trials enrolling children is far lower than for adults, and the scope of research is also narrower, according to an analysis of public-access data conducted by researchers at Duke University.
The findings, reported online Oct. 1, 2012, in the journal Pediatrics, quantify an imbalance that has been observed in recent years and highlights an issue that has generated concern among health leaders and policymakers alike.
"Although children comprise one-quarter of the population in the United States, they are greatly underrepresented in the clinical trial process that is designed to lead to new and better therapies, determine appropriate drug dosages and establish standards of practice," said Sara K. Pasquali, M.D., MHS, first author of the study.
The analysis was launched as part of the Clinical Trials Transformation Initiative (CTTI), a public-private partnership founded by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and Duke University to identify practices that will improve the quality and efficiency of clinical trials.
Pasquali, who is now co-director of the Michigan Congenital Heart Outcomes Research and Discovery Program at the University of Michigan, said the study looked at more than 60,000 research trials from 2005 to 2010 using data entered into the ClinicalTrials.gov registry. The on-line registry, mandated by Congress in 1997, was intended to improve patient access to clinical trials and provide greater transparency of trial results and data.
The researchers found that just over 5,000 of those trials were specifically designed to enroll children under the age of 18. Pasquali said the low number of clinical trials enrolling children is likely the result of several factors, including the rarity and diversity of many pediatric diseases, which makes them difficult to study; lack of pediatric research infrastructure; ethical issues associated with testing on children; and difficulty in establishing which endpoints or outcomes of the investigational therapies should be evaluated.
"Many pediatric diseases are relatively rare, as opposed to something like adult coronary artery disease. As a result, it can take much more time to build a research infrastructure, often involving multiple hospitals, to enroll enough patients in a study," Pasquali said. "But with fewer studies to guide therapeutic decisions, treatments and outcomes for young patients often vary widely from center to center."
The researchers also found that enrollments tended to be small in the studies that were conducted with children, making it difficult to obtain clinically meaningful information that could be generalized across larger populations. Study authors suggested that resources might be better spent on larger trials aimed at answering the most pressing questions, rather than on numerous small trials.
The most common areas of study for the pediatric trials included infectious diseases/vaccine studies (23 percent) and psychiatric/mental health studies (13 percent).
"For the vast majority of therapies used on children every day in United States and around the world, clinicians lack basic data to support decisions about the correct dosage, the best type of medication to use, and the appropriate situations to provide treatment," Pasquali said. "Without that information, it really puts physicians and the children we're treating at a significant disadvantage."
Jennifer Li, M.D., MHS, senior author of the study and a member of the Duke Clinical Research Institute, said the analysis provides clarity on an issue that researchers, funders and policymakers have been working to resolve in recent years. Several initiatives have already been passed to help ease the problem, including the FDA Modernization Act in 1997, the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act in 2002, the Pediatric Research Equity Act in 2003 and the FDA Amendments Act in 2007.
"Conducting clinical trials with children is a complex issue they are not volunteers, they are dissimilar in terms of size and disease condition, and the number of patients is a lot less than what we would find among adults," Li said. "This analysis provides one snapshot in time, and it's good to know what the research landscape is so that we can address where we should focus our efforts."
###
In addition to Pasquali and Li, study authors include Wendy K. Lam, PhD, of the Duke Translational Medicine Institute; and Karen Chiswell, PhD, of the Duke Clinical Research Institute (DCRI); and Alex R. Kemper, M.D., MPH, MS of Duke's Department of Pediatrics and the DCRI.
The study was supported with funding from the cooperative agreement awarded by the FDA to Duke University in support of the Clinical Trials Transformation Initiative (U19 FD003800).
Further information about CTTI and its projects can be found at www.ctti-clinicaltrials.org
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-10/dumc-dmn092712.php
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Google?s new Field Trip app puts an Android-powered tour guide in every pocket [video]
President Barack Obama continues to lead Mitt Romney in a new round of polls released Friday. The president maintains leads in a few key states, and for the first time this week, Obama is ahead in both major national tracking polls. With the debates coming up next week, Romney is about to get his best chance to turn the race around soon.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/google-field-trip-app-puts-android-powered-tour-173026649.html
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Renting a house in San Hose - Zillow Real Estate Advice
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Source: http://www.zillow.com/advice-thread/Renting-a-house-in-San-Hose/461944/
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শনিবার, ২৯ সেপ্টেম্বর, ২০১২
Herty Advanced Materials Development Center Names Alexander Koukoulas, Ph.D. President and CEO
Herty Advanced Materials Development Center has named Alexander Koukoulas, Ph.D. as its President and CEO. ?Koukoulas, a well-known scientist and entrepreneur, previously served as managing director of ANL Consultants, LLC, a private consulting firm supporting the pulp and paper, biomaterials and bioenergy industries. ? Koukoulas will begin his new role on Nov. 1.
?We are excited to have Dr. Koukoulas join Herty as its President and CEO,? said Georgia Southern University President Brooks Keel, Ph.D. ??Not only is Alex an outstanding business leader, but he is an accomplished scientist and entrepreneur. ?His diverse experience will be a perfect fit as we work to expand Herty?s capabilities as a global leader in traditional and advanced materials innovation.?
Herty?s clients, which include global corporations as well as numerous Fortune 500 companies, are currently focused in the transportation, forest and paper related products, building materials, energy and the environment and bio-products industries. ?In April 2012, Georgia Governor Nathan Deal transferred management of the Herty Advanced Materials Development Center to Georgia Southern University with a goal of enhancing economic and business development in the state of Georgia.
?Dr. Koukoulas brings a wealth of technology management, business and new product development experience to Herty,? said Charles Patterson, Ph.D., vice president for research and economic development at Georgia Southern University. ??His expertise in the chemical sciences and engineering, pulp and paper and bioenergy will enhance Herty?s existing relationships as well as forge strategic partnerships with industries in the region, the nation and beyond.?
Prior to his role at ANL Consultants, LLC, Koukoulas served as vice president and executive director of research and development at Albany International, a leading manufacturer of engineered textiles. ?Earlier in his career, he served in increasingly responsible leadership positions at International Paper, including chief scientist, where he directed research and was responsible for new product development and R&D supporting the company?s pulp, paper and packaging business units.
?Not only are we looking forward to welcoming Dr. Koukoulas to Herty, but we are excited to welcome him to Savannah and the Coastal Empire,? said Patterson. ??Our goal is to expand the center?s existing capabilities to help make Savannah and South Georgia an even more attractive market for research and development in the areas of pulp and paper, materials science, polymer science and composites, with an emerging interest in bio-derived materials and biofuels.?
One of Koukoulas? primary goals will be to enable Herty?s clients to achieve their R&D and financial goals while working to create an environment that cultivates opportunity for businesses to relocate or stay within Georgia. The result, according to Patterson and officials at Georgia Southern, will be more jobs and an expanded national reputation helping put Savannah on the map as a center for advanced materials innovation.
Koukoulas received his Bachelor of Science and Ph.D. degrees in Chemistry from McGill University. ? He is currently pursuing an Executive Certificate from the Sloan School of Management at M.I.T. ? He has published numerous presentations and publications and holds numerous U.S. patents. ?He is a scientific advisor and bioenergy expert at the U.S. Department of Energy and Department of Agriculture. ?He serves as a technical advisor and board member for numerous organizations including the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI), the National Science and Engineering Council of Canada, and the European Union?s Energy Commission. ?Koukoulas is an active member of numerous professional societies including the American Chemical Society, the MIT Enterprise Forum, Sigma Xi and TAPPI.
For more information on Herty Advanced Materials Development Center, visit: www.herty.com.
Georgia Southern University, a Carnegie Doctoral/Research University founded in 1906, offers more than 120 degree programs serving more than 20,000 students. Through eight colleges, the University offers bachelor?s, master?s and doctoral degree programs built on more than a century of academic achievement. In 2012, the University was named one of the Top 10 most popular universities in the country by U.S. News & World Report and is a top choice of Georgia?s HOPE scholars. ?Georgia Southern is recognized for its student-centered approach to education. Visit: www.georgiasouthern.edu.
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Source: http://news.georgiasouthern.edu/viewArticle.php?id=2302
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How cultural differences affect mobile use | weareallmukmuks.com
Editor?s note: Mobile phones have become an essential part of our everyday life. Through a special month-long series, ?Our Mobile Society,? we examine how phones and tablets are changing the way we live.
In the UK, it is called a mobile, in the U.S. cell phone, in Latin America celular, in Japan keitai (portable), in China shou-ji (hand machine), in Bangladesh muthophone (phone in the palm of your hand), in Sweden nalle (teddy bear), in Israel Pelephone (wonder phone) and in Germany a handy.
In Japan, train commuters receive a barrage of recorded announcements telling them to switch their mobiles to silent or vibrate, referred to as ?manner mode?. Using a mobile in public is frowned upon in a land where collective needs are put above the individual?s.
?Japanese culture highly values social harmony and social disturbance is heavily sanctioned,? explains Satomi Sugiyama, associate professor at Franklin College Switzerland.
If someone tries to board a bus while taking a call, the driver will not let them on, adds cultural anthropologist Mizuko Ito. ?In Japan your phone shouldn?t be a nuisance to others,? she says. ?This means generally keeping it on manner mode when out of the house, and not taking calls in cafes and restaurants. If somebody?s phone rings, they will be flustered and silence it or take very quick call,? Ito explains.
The density of urban spaces, the high use of public transportation, and the relative lack of privacy in homes contribute to ways of communicating that don?t impose on others, she explains.
Texting, mobile email, games and novels are more popular than voice calls among the Japanese.
In Spain and Italy, in contrast, mobiles are used everywhere and people discuss their personal lives loudly in public. Renfe, the state-owned train operating company in Spain, once promoted its journeys on a poster depicting conversations people can have with their partners on cell phones from the train.
Smartphones are the new wingman
The Spanish, like the Italians, happily answer calls in restaurants, during business meetings, conferences and even sometimes during concerts. Discreetly texting or instant messaging under the table during meetings is also commonplace, Amparo Lasén, professor of sociology at the University Complutense de Madrid, says.
Spanish people have always discussed their private lives in the streets, so doing so on mobile is just an evolution of that. ?Sometimes Spanish people leave movie theaters just to check what is happening on their phone,? Lasén says.
?You have an obligation to be available to close friends, colleagues and customers. There is an obligation of accountability,? she adds.
However, it is not the Spaniards but the Finns who are the chattiest on their mobiles in Europe, clocking up an average of 257 minutes a month, according to GSMA?s European Mobile Observatory 2011.
Then again, it is the homeland of Nokia. Austrians follow closely behind the Finns at 240 minutes of use, while the Maltese spend the least time talking ? an average of 46 minutes per month.
In parts of India and Africa, there is also a culture of split-second calls known as ?flashing? or ?beeping.? Jonathan Donner, a researcher at Microsoft India who published a paper on ?The Rules of Beeping,? said: ?Beeping is simple: A person calls a mobile telephone number and then hangs up before the mobile?s owner can pick up the call.?
The mobile owner can then phone them back, thus picking up the tab for the call.
Donner first came across ?beeping? in Rwanda and tracked it?s use across Africa. He said the practice has many different meanings from ?Come and pick me up?, to ?Hi?, to ?I?m thinking of you? to ?Call me back.?
Read related: Seven ways mobile phones have changed Africa
As blogger Shashank Bengali writes: ?There are unwritten but deeply observed rules for flashing. When your mechanic wants to tell you your car is ready, for example, he can flash you ? it?s your car, after all, and if you want it back, you?d better call him.
?It?s also hierarchical: an employee calling a superior, who makes more money, is justified in flashing ? unless he really needs a favor.?
He sounds a note of warning though: ?If you?re trying to woo a lady, don?t flash her. Ever.?
Read more from Our Mobile Society
In India it is common for people to take calls inside a movie theater. People don?t know if the call is important so they pick up, Umang Shah, of PhiMetrics, a telecom audit and consulting firm in India, says. Like in Spain, few Indians have or use voicemail, he added.
Another quirk about India is that the caller may get to hear a Bollywood song, chosen by the subscriber instead of a ringing tone. Known as caller tunes, the subscriber is charged for this monthly and according to Shah, they are a big money-spinner. This is also common in parts of Africa where a caller might hear a quote from the Bible.
In both continents, it is also common for people to take calls inside a movie theater. ?Even at highly official functions, during speeches and so on people in India take the call,? Kadira Pethiyagoda, visiting doctoral student at St. Anthony?s College, Oxford, says.
?Indian society has a long tradition of tolerance, including in terms of allowing others to infringe on what those in the West would consider one?s personal space,? he says. This is why phone use in cinemas and crowded trains, is tolerated, he adds. ?Indian society is also more communal than the West which, in part, leads to an increased importance of constantly staying in touch,? he adds.
?People pick up their phones everywhere in Africa. The only places they don?t are the mosque or the church,? Abdullahi Arabo, BT research fellow at the Oxford Internet Institute, explains.
?Part of it is showing off that they have the device and if the call is from far away they like to show it?s an international call.?
In Japanese movie halls, on the contrary, 45-year-old Tokyo housewife Kanako Shibamoto says ?we are not allowed to even put phones into silent mode because the light of the screen might make other people annoyed.?
Mobile manufacturers have also created double sim card handsets for the emerging markets so they can simultaneously benefit from the best data and voice deals. In general, Indians chat for an average of 346 minutes a month, benefiting from extremely low rates of 0.5 rupee (less than half a cent) a minute. Multiple sim ownership is common across Asia, Africa and Latin America.
In Africa, it is because most of the service providers are unreliable and they can?t get a signal, Arabo says.
In the U.S., a Synovate market research poll found that 72 per cent of Americans considered loud conversations in public places to be the worst habits of cell phone users. Now the new gripe appears to be iPhone 4S users repeating simple questions to Apple?s Siri, a robotic assistant.
?People seem to be accepting of phone calls but not of people talking to a disembodied voice on their phone,? says Jane Vincent, visiting fellow at the Digital World Research Centre, University of Surrey.
Unlike Japan, texting has not taken off massively in America, because ?differing networks did not work well together in the early days of mobile communication causing dysfunctional text messaging across networks,? says Scott Campbell, professor of telecommunications at the University of Michigan.
?In addition, AOL played a role in slowing down adoption and use, especially of text messaging,? he added. Campbell also said mobile internet has been slow on the uptake there as digital media tablets are becoming popular ways of going online.
?They have a larger screen and better interface than mobile.?
Do you agree or disagree with the views in this article? What quirks have you noticed about your country or other places you have visited? Tell us in the comments box below.
CNN?s Stephanie Busari contributed to this article
Source: http://weareallmukmuks.com/how-cultural-differences-affect-mobile-use
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Can Mobile Phone Use Lead to Brain Tumors? | Gutierrez Chiropractic
Posted by Gutierrez Chiropractic on Sep 28, 2012 in Blog |
There are currently close to 6 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide, and increased usage of cell phones has understandably led to a greater level of interest in how safe they are. The main concern for our health is that mobile phones emit and receive electromagnetic radiation as a result of their need to communicate with relay towers, and some of this radiation is absorbed by the head when the phone is held up to the ear. Whether or not the radiation (both the amount and the frequency) that a typical mobile phone user is likely to receive is potentially damaging to their health has been the subject of debate for some time.
Anecdotal evidence that high mobile phone use can potentially lead to brain tumors is not hard to find. Newspapers and other media sources are only too ready to run such stories. However, given that there are so many people using mobile communication so regularly, the chances are that someone is going to have a brain tumor at some point, whether or not there is any link with the amount of time they spend on their phone. The obvious question is whether or not there is good reason to be concerned over how and how much you use your phone.
The most recent assessment of the scientific evidence of mobile phone safety was carried out by the European Commission Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR). They concluded that mobile phone usage was unlikely to increase the risk of developing brain tumors.
The most recent results from a long-term study by researchers from the Institute of Cancer Epidemiology at the Danish Cancer Society in Denmark also failed to find any link between mobile phone usage and the development of brain tumors or any other cancers of the nervous system. This study was particularly significant in that it used most of the Danish population to determine if there was any difference in the incidence of brain cancers between mobile phone users and non-mobile phone users. Unsurprisingly, this work has been quoted frequently, especially by cell phone companies, as evidence that their products have now been given a completely clean bill of health.
In contrast to the previous results, the conclusion of a 2010 paper published in the International Journal of Epidemiology on the subject suggested that while no overall link was found between two kinds of brain tumor and mobile phone usage, the data did point to a possible increase in the development of glioma-type tumors in the most intensive users. The authors also pointed out that since the new generations of smart phones are being used for even greater periods of time, especially by younger people, further and ongoing studies in this area are definitely merited.
In 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified mobile phone radiation as ?potentially carcinogenic to humans.? Following from this, many countries have adopted a precautionary approach and suggested moderation in cell phone usage. Using a hands-free kit to avoid holding a phone next to your head has also been advised. While the available evidence suggests that low and normal usage of a mobile phone does not increase your risk of developing a brain tumor, it is probably wise to reduce your exposure to electromagnetic radiation as much as you can, and certainly to avoid spending long periods of the day with a phone next to your ear.
Source: http://www.gutierrezchiropractic.com/can-mobile-phone-use-lead-to-brain-tumors
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US seeks calm over Asian disputes; won't mediate
NEW YORK (AP) ? The Obama administration on Friday pressed U.S. allies Japan and South Korea to continue their cooperation on North Korea and other key issues, despite a dispute over a contested islet, and also urged Tokyo and Beijing to make serious diplomatic efforts on an even sharper dispute over maritime borders.
Meeting with the Japanese and South Korean foreign ministers, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton said "every nation in the region has a responsibility to work to resolve disputes, peacefully lower tensions, promote regional security and stability." She noted the three key countries' cooperation is vital to convincing North Korea to give up its nuclear weapons, doing her best to calm their disagreement over the tiny islands known as Dokdo in South Korea, and Takeshima in Japan.
The two countries, which both host tens of thousands of American troops, also have been at odds over the historical legacy of Japan's 35-year occupation of South Korea in the early 20th century and its use of Korean women as sex slaves by soldiers. In June, the two countries put on hold an intelligence sharing pact after it provoked an outcry in South Korea.
"Our alliances with Japan and South Korea are the cornerstones of peace and prosperity in the region," Clinton said at the start of the talks with Japanese Foreign Minister Koichiro Gemba and Korean Foreign Minister Kim Sung-hwan. "Each of these countries represents an enormous success story about what can happen when nations are focused on peace and stability and giving more opportunities to their own people, and developing good relationships with their neighbors. We will maintain close cooperation between the three of us. That is a top priority for the United States."
The dispute between Japan and South Korea is just one of several in Asia, where competing maritime issues are inflaming public sentiment and even provoking violent protests in China. Beijing's battles range from the resource-rich South China Sea to rock outcroppings administered by Japan.
China and Japan traded angry accusations over the islands in a late-night exchange at the U.N. General Assembly Thursday. The islands are called Senkaku by Japan and Diaoyu by China.
That prompted the top U.S. diplomat for East Asia, Kurt Campbell, on Friday to remind the two countries, which have the world's second and third largest economies, to recognize the importance of their relationship and resolve their grievances through dialogue. He said each government should set aside the territorial dispute from its other bilateral issues, acknowledging that it would be "extraordinarily difficult" to solve.
The U.S., however, will not play a mediating role in the dispute, Campbell told a news conference.
In her meeting, Clinton told the Japanese and the Koreans the same thing about mediation, a senior U.S. official said, speaking on condition of anonymity because she wasn't authorized to speak publicly about the private meeting.
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National Coffee Day | Demystifying Coffee Jargon | Make It At Home ...
Coffee language can be so confusing. When my daughter sends me to the drive thru to pick up her favorite beverage I am always overwhelmed with the verbiage? it can confuse you and almost make you cry! Vocabulary lessons in school didn?t include words like macchiato, latte, or frappe?so most of us are at a disadvantage when attempting to order a coffee treat just because we don?t know what all those terms mean.
In honor of National Coffee Day on September 29th, Eight O?Clock Coffee, America?s Original Gourmet Coffee, is demystifying coffee jargon?and explaining how to make a great-tasting specialty coffee drink at home, no fancy machines needed. Behold, your guide to creating a caf? coffee experience right in your own kitchen, courtesy of Eight O?Clock Coffee!
Latte- Traditionally, this is made using espresso and foamed milk. The milk to coffee ratio is 3:1.
Make It At Home! Use a strong coffee, like Eight O?Clock Coffee?s Dark Italian Roast, and brew regularly. Pour some milk into a saucepan and place over medium heat. Whisk milk as it heats to make it frothy. Pour some of the coffee into a mug, add some hot liquid milk and spoon the foamed milk on top.
Caf? Mocha- This is simply a latte with some type of chocolate flavor added in.
Make It At Home! Prepare using the latte instructions. Before adding the coffee and milk, pour 2/3 cup of hot chocolate mix into the bottom of the mug, add coffee and milk and stir until the mix has dissolved.
Caf? au Lait- Similar to a latte, but usually uses strong brewed coffee instead of espresso and has a 1:1 ratio of coffee to milk.
Make It At Home! Brew Eight O?Clock Coffee?s Dark Italian Roast, steam the milk and add equal parts milk (add this first) and coffee to your mug.
Cappuccino- Usually made with equal parts espresso, steamed milk and frothed milk.
Make It At Home! Follow the same instructions as the latte, but pour equal parts coffee and steamed milk into the mug and top with frothed milk. It?s great with cinnamon or chocolate sprinkled on.
Macchiato- A traditional macchiato is a shot of espresso with a bit of milk foam. We usually think of the caramel macchiato, which is very popular at coffee shops in the US.
Make It At Home! Make a tasty caramel macchiato using Eight O?Clock Coffee Dark Italian Roast. Heat milk in a saucepan and whisk until frothy, add a few pumps of vanilla syrup to your cup of coffee, top with milk froth and drizzle with caramel syrup.
Frappe- A frappe is a cold blended coffee drink with chilled coffee, sugar, milk or cream and ice blended together.
Make It At Home! All you need is 6-8 ounces of cold coffee (we like Eight O?Clock Coffee Original Blend), 2 Tbsp milk, 3/4 cup crushed or cubed ice and sugar to taste. Combine ingredients in a blender. You can also add 2 Tbsp of your favorite syrup?caramel, chocolate, vanilla?some people even add ice cream to make it thicker. The possibilities are endless, so get creative!
Pumpkin Coffee- Virtually every coffee shop has some kind of limited-time-only pumpkin coffee, a delicious fall flavor.
Make It At Home! Brew your own pumpkin coffee this fall or any other time of year you feel a craving coming on. Use 2 tsp of pumpkin spice for every 3 Tbsp of Eight O?Clock Coffee Original Blend. Combine the pumpkin spice with the coffee grounds and brew. Sweeten to your desire.
Espresso- A concentrated coffee brewed by forcing a small amount of nearly boiling water under pressure through finely ground coffee beans.
Make It At Home!? Espresso machines are typically very expensive, but you can come close to the real deal with your regular coffee pot. Choose a dark roast, like Eight O?Clock Coffee?s Dark Italian Roast, and grind the beans as finely as possible. Double the coffee filter, and pack down the coffee grounds into the filter (use 1 tbsp for every 1/4 cup of espresso). It?s a great option that replicates the strong, bold flavor espresso and cappuccino aficionados love.
Disclosure of Material Connection: I received one or more of the products or services mentioned above for free in the hope that I would mention it on my blog. I only recommend products or services I use personally and believe will be good for my readers. I am disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission?s 16 CFR, Part 255: ?Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising.? The opinions expressed in this post are entirely my own. Your experience with the product may differ from mine. The sponsor is responsible for prize fulfillment and will be shipping the winner(s) their prize(s). For more information read my disclosure policy.
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শুক্রবার, ২৮ সেপ্টেম্বর, ২০১২
Italy's Monti says he would consider heading government again
NEW YORK (Reuters) - Italy's technocrat Prime Minister Mario Monti gave the first clear indication on Thursday that he would be willing to head the government again if there is no outright winner in elections next year, as opinion polls now suggest.
Monti has headed an unelected government since former premier Silvio Berlusconi stepped down in November, imposing austerity reforms to keep the country from a Greek-style debt debacle.
Financial markets have been fretting over what government might succeed the Monti administration as Italy's political parties - discredited by their mismanagement of the economy and a long series of corruption scandals - are in disarray seven months before the election.
"I hope there will be a clear result with a clear possibility for whatever majority to be formed and for a government led by a political leader," Monti said during a briefing at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York.
"Should there be circumstances in which they were to believe that I could serve helpfully after that period of elections, I will be there, I will consider, I cannot preclude anything."
Business leaders and European officials have said they would like to see Monti continue leading Italy so that the reform process is not turned back, but most of Italy's parties are already campaigning against the tax increases and pension cuts he has made.
The yield on Italian benchmark bonds fell after Monti made the remarks, with the spread against safer Germany bunds narrowing to around 3.68 percentage points from around 3.76 points earlier in the day.
Nicholas Spiro, head of Spiro Sovereign Strategy, said Monti's stance would be "music to the ears of investors and is likely to underpin the recent improvement in Italy's perceived creditworthiness".
At an auction earlier on Thursday Italian 10-year bond yields fell to 5.2 percent from 5.8 percent at the previous sale, while yields on 5-year borrowing declined to 4.1 percent, the lowest since May 2011.
OPPOSITION
Political reaction among opposition groups in parliament was less favorable, with several members saying Monti should be a candidate in the election if he wanted to carry on as premier.
"He should run for office like in a normal democracy and put an end to short cuts that mean he only represents himself and his friends," said Felice Belisario of the opposition People of Values party.
The 69-year-old Monti repeated that he would not stand in the national vote because it would destabilize the right-left coalition that now supports him. But Monti does not need to be elected to qualify to become prime minister because he was appointed a senator for life last year.
It is still not clear who the candidates for the two biggest parties will be, and even the voting law may be changed before April, the deadline for the election.
If the current election system is used, polls suggest the centre-left Democratic Party (PD) and its allies would win the lower house, but in the upper house, or Senate, the result would be unclear. That would require another right-left alliance like the one that now backs Monti in parliament, or a whole new vote.
Monti, a former economist and European commissioner, continues to be Italy's most popular politician. His approval rating was 42 percent in mid-September, compared with 26 percent for PD leader Pier Luigi Bersani, an opinion poll showed last week.
Berlusconi, who leads the largest centre-right party, had an approval rating of 18 percent, and Beppe Grillo, the comedian who heads the new Five-Star Movement, had a 25 percent rating.
During the same talk, Monti said that Greece's exit from the euro zone would cause "damage to the whole system" and that he does not think it will happen.
(Reporting by Gavin Jones; Writing by Steve Scherer; Editing by Giles Elgood and David Stamp)
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/italy-pm-monti-says-again-serve-vote-asked-133823398--business.html
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Calif. man behind anti-Muslim film ordered jailed
LOS ANGELES (AP) ? The surrounding mystery of the man behind the crudely produced anti-Islamic video that sparked violence in the Middle East took a strange turn after he appeared in court and gave yet another name in a string of aliases.
Arrested on Thursday after authorities said he violated his probation from a 2010 check fraud conviction, Nakoula Basseley Nakoula told a judge his real name was Mark Basseley Youseff. He said he'd been using that name since 2002, even though he went by Nakoula in his fraud case.
The full story about Nakoula and the video "Innocence of Muslims" still isn't known more than two weeks after violence erupted in Egypt and Libya, where Ambassador Christopher Stevens and three others were killed in Benghazi. Violence related to the film has since spread, killing dozens more.
Citing a lengthy pattern of deception and the potential to flee, U.S. Central District Chief Magistrate Judge Suzanne Segal ordered Nakoula to remain in prison without bond until another judge can hold a hearing to determine if he broke the terms of his probation.
"The court has a lack of trust in this defendant at this time," Segal said.
Prosecutors noted Nakoula had eight probation violations, including lying to his probation officers and using aliases. He could face new charges that carry a maximum two-year prison term.
After his 2010 conviction, Nakoula was sentenced to 21 months in prison and was barred from using computers or the Internet for five years without approval from his probation officer, though prosecutors said none of the violations involved the Internet. He also wasn't supposed to use any name other than his true legal name without the prior written approval of his probation officer.
Three names, however, have been associated with Nakoula this month alone.
The movie was made last year by a man who called himself Sam Bacile. After the violence erupted, a man who identified himself as Bacile spoke to media outlets including The Associated Press, took credit for the film and said it was meant to portray the truth about Muhammad and Islam, which he called a cancer.
The next day, the AP determined there was no Bacile and linked the identity to Nakoula, a former gas station owner with a drug conviction and a history of using aliases. Federal authorities later confirmed there was no Bacile and that Nakoula was behind the movie.
Some of the false statements in Nakoula's alleged probation violations had to do with the film, Assistant U.S. Attorney Robert Dugdale said. Nakoula told probation officials his role was just writing the script, and denied going by the name Sam Bacile in connection with the film, Dugdale said.
Before going into hiding, Nakoula acknowledged to the AP that he was involved with the film, but said he only worked on logistics and management.
Nakoula, a Christian originally from Egypt, then went into hiding after he was identified as the man behind the trailer, which depicts Muhammad as a womanizer, religious fraud and child molester. He met with federal probation officials two weeks ago, led out of his home in suburban Cerritos in the middle of the night, flanked by Los Angeles County sheriff's deputies and cloaked in heavy clothing to protect his identity.
The public got their first good look at Nakoula on Thursday, although the news media was banned from the courtroom and reporters had to watch the proceedings on a TV in a nearby courthouse.
Nakoula wore beige pants and a collared shirt when he was led into the courtroom handcuffed and shackled. He appeared relaxed, smiling at one point before the hearing and conferring with his attorney.
Nakoula's attorney Steven Seiden sought to have the hearing closed and his client released on $10,000 bail. He argued Nakoula has checked in with his probation officer frequently and made no attempts to leave Southern California.
Seiden was concerned that Nakoula would be in danger in federal prison because of Muslim inmates, but prosecutors said he likely would be placed in protective custody.
Lawrence Rosenthal, a constitutional and criminal law professor at Chapman University School of Law in Orange, said it was "highly unusual" for a judge to order immediate detention on a probation violation for a nonviolent crime, but if there were questions about Nakoula's identity it was more likely.
"When the prosecution doesn't really know who they're dealing with, it's much easier to talk about flight," Rosenthal said. "I've prosecuted individuals who'd never given a real address. You don't know who you're dealing with, and you're just going to have very limited confidence about their ability to show up in court."
Enraged Muslims have demanded punishment for Nakoula, and a Pakistani cabinet minister has offered a $100,000 bounty to anyone who kills him.
First Amendment advocates have defended Nakoula's right to make the film while condemning its content. And federal officials likely will face criticism from those who say Nakoula's free speech rights were trampled by his arrest on a probation violation.
In arguing that Nakoula is a possible flight risk, Dugdale said Nakoula couldn't even reveal something as fundamental as his real name.
"He's a person who simply can't be trusted," he said.
___
Associated Press writer Gillian Flaccus contributed to this report.
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New clues about ancient water cycles shed light on US deserts
ScienceDaily (Sep. 27, 2012) ? The deserts of Utah and Nevada have not always been dry. Between 14,000 and 20,000 years ago, when large ice caps covered Canada during the last glacial cooling, valleys throughout the desert southwest filled with water to become large lakes, scientists have long surmised. At their maximum size, the desert lakes covered about a quarter of both Nevada and Utah. Now a team led by a Texas A&M University researcher has found a new water cycle connection between the U.S. southwest and the tropics, and understanding the processes that have brought precipitation to the western U.S. will help scientists better understand how the water cycle might be perturbed in the future.
Mitch Lyle, professor of oceanography, led the study with colleagues from Columbia University, University of California-Santa Cruz, Stanford University, Hokkaido University of Japan, Brown University and the U.S. Geological Survey. Their work, funded by the National Science Foundation, is published in the current issue of Science magazine.
The dry shorelines of these glacial lakes were first discovered by 19th century geologists when the west was first explored, Lyle explains, adding that the source of the additional water has been a mystery. By assembling data from ocean sediments and from dry western valleys collected over the last 30 years, Lyle and the team found a new water cycle connection between the southwest U.S. and the tropics.
"Large ice caps profoundly altered where storms went during glacial periods. Before this study, it was assumed that Pacific winter storms that now track into Washington and Canada were pushed south into central and southern California," Lyle notes.
"However, by comparing timing between wet intervals on the coast, where these storms would first strike, with growth of the inland lakes, we found that they didn't match."
The team was able to time wet periods along the California coast from pollen buried in marine sediments from cores archived by scientists at the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program at Texas A&M. They evaluated lake level studies from southeast Oregon, Nevada, Utah, eastern California, New Mexico, and west Texas to find when lakes filled in different parts of the west.
"Many teams of scientists have been working on this problem since the 1950s, when radiocarbon dating first allowed ages to be put on old shorelines," Lyle adds. "The data we synthesized covers a wide latitude so that we could determine how the glacial wet intervals operated."
Only southern California coastal wet intervals matched with the progression of high lakes inland, pointing to the development of a tropical connection, where storms cycled into the region from the tropical Pacific, west of southern Mexico.
"We think that the extra precipitation may have come in summer, enhancing the now weak summer monsoon in the desert southwest. But we need more information about what season the storms arrived to strengthen this speculation," Lyle says.
Not only is the development of the glacial lakes important from a paleoclimate perspective, but it is likely that the lakes were important to the migration of people into North America, Lyle believes. Many of the archaeological sites where early Indians settled when they first came into the U.S. are rock shelters at the edges of these ancient lakes. The lakes were a major source of fish, and a gathering place for deer and wildfowl at that time.
"What we need to do now is look at all of this on a finer scale," Lyle points out. "We need to understand better the processes that directed the storms thousands of years ago, and to predict better what changes might occur in the future."
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Story Source:
The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Texas A&M University, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
- Mitchell Lyle, Linda Heusser, Christina Ravelo, Masanobu Yamamoto, John Barron, Noah S. Diffenbaugh, Timothy Herbert, Dyke Andreasen. Out of the Tropics: The Pacific, Great Basin Lakes, and Late Pleistocene Water Cycle in the Western United States. Science, 28 September 2012: Vol. 337 no. 6102 pp. 1629-1633 DOI: 10.1126/science.1218390
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/rqqL_lLlyIo/120927144234.htm
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South Sudan-Sudan agree on 9 issues but not border
ADDIS ABABA, Ethiopia (AP) ? The leaders of Sudan and South Sudan have reached nine agreements but did work out the issues surrounding the contested Abyei region or the demarcation of their shared border.
South Sudan President Salva Kiir said the two countries would sign a "protocol of collaboration" on Thursday.
Atif Kiir, a South Sudan spokesman, said late Wednesday that Sudan President Omar al-Bashir and Kiir agreed on economic issues and a buffer zone between their borders to allow oil exports.
Kiir said that oil exports ? which South Sudan shut down earlier this year ? would resume and that only "technical work" remains.
South Sudan broke free from Sudan in July, 2011 in a referendum that has put an end to one of the region's deadliest and longest conflicts.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/south-sudan-sudan-agree-9-issues-not-border-003141022.html
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বৃহস্পতিবার, ২৭ সেপ্টেম্বর, ২০১২
Solar maximum? Oh, you just missed it
WAITING for solar fireworks to reach a grand finale next year? Um, sorry, looks like you already missed them. Structures in the sun's corona indicate that the peak in our star's latest cycle of activity has been and gone, at least in its northern hemisphere.
The southern hemisphere, meanwhile, is on a sluggish rise to solar maximum and may not hit its peak until 2014.
This bizarre asymmetry strengthens a theory that has been bubbling among sun watchers for the past few years: our star is headed for hibernation. Having the sun's outbursts turned off for a while would provide a better baseline for studying how they influence Earth's climate.
Observations of magnetic footprints called sunspots revealed in the 1800s that the sun moves through a roughly 11-year cycle of activity. Around a solar maximum, the star ramps up production of sunspots, flares and ejections of plasma. During a solar minimum, things quieten down.
Following an unexpectedly deep minimum from 2008 to 2010, solar physicists predicted a weak maximum for 2013. These days, though, sunspots aren't the only tools for charting the solar cycle. Richard Altrock of the US Air Force Research Laboratory in New Mexico has been studying coronal structures called polar crown prominences, which stem from magnetic rumblings on the sun's surface.
These gaseous filaments form at mid-latitudes at the beginning of a solar cycle. As it progresses they drift polewards, and when they reach 76 degrees latitude, a solar maximum has arrived. Soon afterwards the prominences disappear, only to form again during the next cycle.
Based on the movements of this cycle's prominences, Altrock says that an especially weak solar maximum took place in the sun's northern hemisphere around July last year (arxiv.org/abs/1209.2969).
Bernhard Fleck, project scientist for NASA's and the European Space Agency's Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, calls the paper solid work, but adds that even if we missed the northern maximum, the southern hemisphere is still expected to put on a show.
According to Altrock, the southern prominences are still on the move, but slowly. If they continue at the current rate, he says, the south will not reach its maximum until February 2014.
Such a large asymmetry between hemispheres could be a sign of big changes ahead, says Steven Tobias, a mathematician at the University of Leeds, UK, who models what drives the sun's magnetic field. According to his models, such a situation precedes an extended quiet phase called a grand minimum. "Changes in symmetry are more indicative of going into a grand minimum than the strength of the cycle," he says.
Grand minima can last for decades. The previous one took place between 1645 and 1715, and has been linked to the little ice age in Europe. A new one might also cause localised cold periods. Climate scientists might see a silver lining to being plunged into a deep freeze: a grand minimum offers ideal conditions for testing the effects of solar variability on Earth's climate (see "Our star's subtle influence").
But Michael Proctor, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is not convinced that this will happen. "This present cycle is similar to the weak one that ended in 1913, and that was followed by a strong cycle," he says.
Only time will tell.????????????????????
Our star's subtle influence
A link between Earth's oceans and its upper atmosphere shows one way in which the sun might have a subtle affect on our climate. A disruption known as a sudden stratospheric warming event coincided with the bitter European winter of 2009/2010.
So Thomas Reichler at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City and his colleagues used computer models to investigate whether such disruptions affect the North Atlantic Ocean.
They found that stratospheric warming can alter airflow over the ocean, which in turn influences the rate at which cold water sinks near Greenland (Nature Geoscience, doi.org/jd4). This sinking is part of a global circulation pattern that helps regulate Earth's climate, including the gulf stream that warms northern Europe.
Their model suggests sudden stratospheric warming could be responsible for between 10 and 30 per cent of changes in ocean circulation. And the stratosphere, with its ozone layer, is particularly susceptible to ultraviolet light, which can vary greatly based on solar activity.
The sun's precise role would be subtle and hard to untangle, though, Reichler warns.
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How do I create quests?
Hey there, typo1212. Just a word to the wise, questions about the actual nuts-and-bolts of the website belong in the Help forum. This is the Discussion & Debate forum, a place to discuss things not related to roleplay, or RolePlayGateway itself.
No big deal. Just a housekeeping note.
Also, I think you asked the same question in the Help forum, which is the right place anyways.
-VV
Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/RolePlayGateway/~3/rmXwcQg4X0Q/viewtopic.php
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বুধবার, ২৬ সেপ্টেম্বর, ২০১২
How Living Green Can Save You Money | Top TV Stuff
How Living Green Can Save You Money
The idea of ?going green? has very unfairly been associated with only being extremely expensive and only truly possible for the wealthy. This might be true if you think going green is limited to building a brand new state of the art green home with foam insulation, triple-pane windows, and solar panels. However, there are ways that you can live in a more environmentally friendly manner that will make a difference and actually save you money.
Leave the drying up to mother nature and save energy
Conserving Water and Energy
Even without overhauling your energy systems or buying a new water heater, you can conserve water and electricity in your home. This can be accomplished by becoming more conscious of the energy and water that is wasted in your household. By turning off electronics, and unplugging them, while they are not in use, you can conserve significant amounts of electricity. Of course, you can see a larger difference by using energy efficient electronics and using products such as water aerators and low flow shower heads that will reduce the amount of water you use.
Conserving your water and energy usage not only helps the environment, but it also helps your budget. As you?ve most likely already noticed, the cost of energy is rising across the country. As you take steps to conserve in your home, you will see these monthly expenses decrease.
Buy or Borrow Used Items
Before you spend your money buying a brand new product, ask yourself if you could find the same product used, or borrow it from a friend. It is possible to save remarkable amounts of money by purchasing used cars, furniture, electronics, clothing, and appliances. If you purchase from a trusted second hand store, you can purchase high quality items at half the cost of new items. It is an item that you are only going to use once, such as a dress or a power tool, why not ask around to find one that you can borrow?
When you buy new items, the products go through extensive manufacturing, packaging, and transportation services. The journey that the new product takes to reach you, the consumer, is damaging to the environment. Also, if you do not purchase the used items, these items will likely be disposed of, possibly in an already overflowing landfill.
Choose Locally Grown and Organic Foods
Produce also goes through extensive packaging and transportation to reach your supermarket shelves. You could be purchasing fruits and vegetables that are grown hundreds of miles away. This means that the foods had to travel on highways for hours, burning gallons upon gallons of fuel, to make it to your grocery store.
Many people think that organic foods are much too expensive, but this is not necessarily true if you shop at the right places. If you visit your local farmer?s market or food co-op, you can find reasonably priced locally grown fresh produce. The locally grown fruits also have the benefits of being free of the harsh chemicals that are used to preserve the grocery store produce.
If protecting the environment is not incentive enough for you to adopt green living habits, consider all of these ways that going green can save you money while providing quality solutions.
Source: http://www.toptvstuff.com/blog/home-improvement/how-living-green-can-save-you-money/
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Indonesian ferry collides with ship; 210 rescued
JAKARTA, Indonesia (AP) ? A passenger ferry collided with a ship believed to be carrying liquefied natural gas and sank west of Indonesia's main island, killing at least eight people while more than 200 were rescued.
The ferry carrying more than 200 crew and passengers collided with the ship about 40 minutes into its 90-minute journey Wednesday morning between Java and Sumatra islands, said Heru Purwanto, an official at Bakauheni port on southern Sumatra.
Experts were checking for gas leaks in the ship. The collision occurred about 4 miles (6 kilometers) from Bakaheuni in Lampung province, said Bambang Ervan, a Transportation Ministry spokesman.
"The ferry went down so fast after the collision," Purwanto said. It sank 20 minutes after the captain sent a distress signal, enabling 10 merchant ships sailing nearby in the busy Sunda Straits to immediately start rescuing passengers and crew, he said.
He said the manifest showed the ferry was carrying 213 passengers and crew, as well as 78 vehicles. It has an official capacity of 300 passengers and 70 vehicles.
But manifests are often unreliable in Indonesia because tickets are sold onboard to passengers who are never registered.
Purwanto said more than 210 passengers and crew had been rescued and eight bodies were pulled from the water, including a 10-year-old girl. They are believed to have jumped into the sea without life jackets and could not swim, he said. More than 80 passengers were hospitalized with injuries, including at least one in critical condition.
Two helicopters and two military ships were joined by naval divers and several other rescue vessels in the search for survivors, said Gagah Prakoso, a spokesman for the National Search and Rescue Agency.
There was no word on the cause of the collision or whether the South African-flagged vessel carrying the liquefied natural gas was damaged.
The Bahuga Jaya ferry links the main Java island with southern Sumatra island. It went down after departing from Merak port in Java.
Ferries are a major source of transportation in Indonesia, the world's largest archipelago nation, with more than 17,000 islands and a population of 240 million. Sea accidents are common due to overcrowding and poor safety standards.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/indonesian-ferry-collides-ship-210-rescued-002537556.html
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Tumor cell growth does not follow a master plan
ScienceDaily (Sep. 25, 2012) ? Scientists at Charit? -- Universit?tsmedizin Berlin could explain a yet unknown regulatory network that controls the growth of tumor cells. Understanding such networks is an important task in molecular tumor biology in order to decode the relationships between the determinants defining which molecules are produced and in what quantities, in both normal and tumor cells.
The study is published in the journal Molecular Systems Biology.
The growth of a tumor and its reaction to specifically targeted therapy is dictated by changes in its genetic material (mutations) encoding special signal molecules. These molecules activate the genetic program of tumor cells via branched signaling pathways and influence all processes needed for cell division, the mobility of cells and metastasis. Significant steering elements of these tumor-specific programs are called transcription factors. These are molecules that selectively control the transcription of the cell's genetic information (DNA) into messenger RNA and enable production of proteins . Altogether a complex network of mutually regulating transcription factors is activated.
Whereas the signal network in human tumors has already been characterized very well, it is hardly understood how transcription factors cooperate and regulate each other. In order to explain this transcription factor network, the scientists used a systems biology approach. A complex experimental data set -- in which the transcription factors in tumor cells were systematically disrupted -- was analyzed with the help of mathematical modeling. As a result, interactions within the network could be reconstructed and the network controlling tumor growth clarified.
"Contrary to a current assumption, the results show that no superordinate transcription factor exists that controls the activity of other factors as a master regulator," explains Prof. Reinhold Sch?fer, head of the Laboratory for Molecular Tumor Pathology and deputy director of the Charit? Comprehensive Cancer Center. Instead, two hierarchical groups of interacting factors exist. Each of them activates gene sets needed for growth and cancer-specific properties of the cells. The results indicate that new therapeutic approaches against tumors must target multiple rather than singular factors and consider the network structures.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Charit? - Universit?tsmedizin Berlin.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
- Iwona Stelniec-Klotz, Stefan Legewie, Oleg Tchernitsa, Franziska Witzel, Bertram Klinger, Christine Sers, Hanspeter Herzel, Nils Bl?thgen, Reinhold Sch?fer. Reverse engineering a hierarchical regulatory network downstream of oncogenic KRAS. Molecular Systems Biology, 2012; 8 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2012.32
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_health/~3/VUpTOBdoWug/120925091548.htm
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মঙ্গলবার, ২৫ সেপ্টেম্বর, ২০১২
Three Easy Steps to Add Charisma to Your Public Speaking
Three Easy Steps to Add Charisma to Your Public Speaking
Throughout the history of human civilization, people have been expressing their confidence and strength, not only by force, but also by the noble art of public speaking. The orators of ancient Greece were highly respected and valued in the community. Likewise, today?s world leaders are admired and esteemed when they have the power to address the public with poise and conviction. Such a high regard for public speaking makes the average person cringe at the idea of talking in front of an audience no matter how big or small the size. Whether giving a toast at a wedding or delivering a speech to a large assembly, most people make a big deal about public speaking and try to avoid it as much as possible. But public speaking should not cause such a big fuss. Challenging as it may be, public speaking can be done with a few simple guidelines.
Before Making the Speech: Preparation
Like any other endeavor, public speaking requires careful preparation to be successful. Many people would dream of having those ?inspired? spontaneous speeches seen in movies; however, such scenes rarely happen in real life. To have at least a decent speech, you should plan well. Even the world?s most famous leaders prepare for public addresses, and most even have teams to work on those plans. Well, even if you don?t have a speech preparation committee, you can prepare for public speaking.
First, you should know for what the occasion the speech is for. The Gettysburg address would definitely not be appropriate for a wedding; thus, a speech has to fit the event where it will be delivered to.
Second, you should examine the audience who will witness the speech. An assembly of academics would not take a perky speaker seriously; one should choose a suitable public speaking style based on the audience.
Third, you should ponder what is being expected in the speech. A farmer?s association would usually not be interested on a speech about the intricacies of bead work; one should carefully study the subject matter to be tackled in public speaking.
Again, dazzling spontaneous speeches rarely happen in real life. Most good speeches have been written before their delivery. While most noted public figures have speech-writing committees, you can make a good speech even without the help of a team of ghostwriters. When writing for public speaking, you should carefully organize the contents of the speech. It usually pays well to begin with a very strong introduction. It is important to catch the audience?s attention early to prevent them from being bored easily. Next, the body should be purposeful. The contents of the speech should relate well and support each other. It is not good to digress too much; though at times some deviations help attract attention when boredom arises.
Lastly, you should make a conclusion that sticks to the mind. No matter how stirring a speech is, it is useless if the people forget it the instant they leave the gathering. Conclusions should give a concise but memorable recap of the body.
Great speakers who persuade and arouse the emotions of their listeners seem like naturals. But, remember, no one is born with a gift to gab. They learned along the way?and so can you.
To lead with charisma and persuasion, visit: http://charismaticleadership.coreedgecharisma.com and http://persuasivespeech.coreedgecharisma.com
?
Source: http://charismatoday.blogspot.com/2012/09/three-easy-steps-to-add-charisma-to.html
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